Department of Chemistry

 Introduction

Bachelor of Science in Chemistry is a foundational course in chemistry that has material covering the traditional branches of chemistry namely organic, inorganic and physical. It also has courses from other branches of chemistry such as analytical chemistry, environmental chemistry and industrial chemistry as well as other disciplines such as physics. It seeks to explain factors that cause reactions to occur, how they occur and their adverse and non-adverse effects on our well being. It prepares one to pursue postgraduate studies in any of these fundamental branches.

 Career Opportunities

Graduates find employment in the following areas: government departments, parastatals, research and development institutes, chemical process design, production, quality control, pharmaceuticals, process industry, fertilizer production, plastics industry, pulp and paper industry, tanning industry, consumer products industry, textile industry, dyes industry, cosmetics industry, forensic science, glass industry, cement industry, paints industry, metallurgy, water purification industry, water quality analyst, wastewater treatment industry, oil and petroleum industry just to name a few. 

a)    A candidate who wishes to register must have the minimum University general admissions requirements.

b)    In addition to meeting (a) above, candidates wishing to register for Bachelor of Science in Environmental Chemistry must have any of the following:

(i)            Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) or equivalent qualifications, with passes in at least three subjects in either of the following two alternatives (A or B),

(ii)            Kenya Advanced Certificate of Education (KACE), or equivalent qualification with at least two principal passes (of which one must be in chemistry)

(iii)          Ordinary Diploma/Higher National Diploma or equivalent qualifications in the sciences with at least a pass

(iv)         Science/Technical Diploma from Teachers Training Colleges or equivalent qualifications in the sciences

(v)          A science/technology based degree or a non science based degree with a minimum of C+ in chemistry or its equivalent from an institution recognized by the University

     c)    candidates who may not have fulfilled conditions in (b) above may be considered for admission provided they present evidence of having undertaken and passed relevant bridging courses from an institution recognized by the University and MUST have scored at least grade C in the subject(s) for which bridging has been undertaken.

(i) The course shall be evaluated in terms of units; a course unit being defined as a series of 45

one- hour lecture equivalents.  For this purpose one 1-hour lecture is equivalent to one 2-hour

tutorial or one 3-hour practical or any combination of these that may be recommended by the

School Board and approved by Senate.

(ii)Candidates for the Bachelor of Science degree shall take a minimum of 44 units during the four years study.

Course Outline

BSC CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE YEAR ONE

BSC CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE YEAR TWO

BSC CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE YEAR THREE

BSC CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE YEAR FOUR

BSc CHEMISTRY FEE (LOCAL)

Year 1: (12 Units)

Year 2: (12 Units)

Year 3: (10 Units)

Year 4: (10 Units)

                                                GRAND TOTAL FOR FOUR YEARS 602,000/-

Foreign student - add 25%
 

DAY PROGRAMME: MONDAY- FRIDAY 8AM -5PM

EVENING PROGRAMME: MONDAY-FRIDAY 5.30PM-8.30 PM

                                                SATURDAY-8AM-5PM

This is tailored for those working during normal working hours.

Foundations Of Computer Science I Description
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Introduction to Computers: Computer building blocks, computer hardware, input devices, storage devices, output devices, trends in computers development (Mainframe Computers - Minicomputers - Microcomputers (PCs). The structure and design of a computer: The hardware and interfaces. Overview of operating system structure. Device management, input-output management. process management, memory management, file management. Number systems, codes, arithmetic and logic operations: Computer number systems and computer codes, arithmetic operations and computer logic operations, introduction to binary number representation, positive and negative numbers, arithmetic operators and examples, one's-and two's-complement, binary subtraction, addition, multiplication, division, real numbers (floating point),  overview of application software, computer networks, data security.

General And Inorganic Chemistry Description
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Radiation: properties and applications. Electron configuration of atoms, quantum-numbers, orbital shapes, atomic structure and atomic spectra of hydrogen and hydrogen –like atoms, periodic table, covalent and ionic bonding, introduction to types of inorganic solids, symmetry and shapes of simple molecules. The molecular orbital theory: The valence bond and valence shell electron pair repulsion models. Hybridization of atomic orbitals. Demonstrations using computer models.

Introduction To Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Of Alkanes And Cycloalkanes Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 101- General and Inorganic chemistry

Carbon in the periodic table. Review of bonding in carbon compounds-atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals, covalent bond and hybridization. Intermolecular forces. Nomenclature, isomerism in alkanes, conformational isomers, occurrence, uses, reactions (Homolysis of bonds) and environmental impacts of alkanes. Cycloalkanes: nomenclature, and conformational analysis. Overview of organic reaction types (addition, substitution, elimination and rearrangement). Basic concepts of organic reaction mechanisms:  Cleavage of bonds (Homolysis and heterolysis), bond polarity. Introduction to stereochemistry: Optical isomers (stereoisomerism and enantiomerism).

 Practicals: Determination of melting and boiling points, functional group tests and illustration of functional group interconversion.

General And Physical Chemistry Description
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Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases, general equation of state, and gas laws. Specific heat capacity; determination of molar masses. Gas-liquid equilibrium, molarity, molality and colligative properties .Raoult's law and  Henry's law. Chemical equilibrium: Equilibrium constant and solubility product principle. Acids, bases and their salts; indicators., pH scale; ionic product of water.  Introduction to chemical kinetics .

Practicals: Physical properties of pure substances, titration of acids and bases, volumetric analysis, freezing point depression and elevation of the boiling point of water.

Foundations Of Computer Science Description
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Introduction to Computers: Computer building blocks, computer hardware, input devices, storage devices, output devices, trends in computers development (Mainframe Computers - Minicomputers - Microcomputers (PCs). The structure and design of a computer: The hardware and interfaces. Overview of operating system structure. Device management, input-output management. process management, memory management, file management. Number systems, codes, arithmetic and logic operations: Computer number systems and computer codes, arithmetic operations and computer logic operations, introduction to binary number representation, positive and negative numbers, arithmetic operators and examples, one's-and two's-complement, binary subtraction, addition, multiplication, division, real numbers (floating point),  overview of application software, computer networks, data security

Safety Methods In The Laboratory Description
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Personal protection and laboratory protocol, safety equipment and facilities,   storage and inventory management, labelling,  Recommended laboratory practices: General equipment set-up, equipment use. Separations: Extractions and distillations. Fermentation.  Temperature control: Oil and sand baths; cooking baths and cold traps; and reduced pressure operations.  Pressure control.  Guide to chemical hazards and toxicity: Characterization; labels and material safety data sheets (MSDS).  Risk assessment and analysis: Solvents , acids, bases and other toxic materials.  First aid.  Peroxides: Storage,  handling,  detection, determination and disposal .  Emergency procedures: Safety: training, safety rules for the chemical laboratory, preparation for medical emergencies, accident reporting, and evacuation. Fires: Fire drills, fire prevention etc.,  low temperature hazards,  chemical spills, expiry and disposal of chemicals.  Noise hazards.

Basic Mathematics Description
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Sets, Elementary logic, number systems, complex numbers, relations and functions, elementary functions and their graphs, permutations, combinations, trigonometry.

Calculus I Description
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Limits and continuity of functions. Differentiation of functions of a single variable. Parametric and Implicit differentiation. Anti derivatives and applications to areas. 

Calculus Ii Description
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Applications of differentiation. Taylors theorem. Mean value theorems of differential calculus. Methods of integration. Applications of integration.   Prerequisite:  SMA 103

Elements Of Physics I Description
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Mechanics: Scalars, vectors, review of basic calculus and geometry (3D), force, equations and laws of motion, moments and equilibria, momentum (Linear, Angular), conservation, collisions (elastics and inelastic), energy conservation, hydrodynamics (Bernauli Principle), continuity equation, elasticity.

Waves and Optics: Introduction to wave theory; derivation of the wave equation, superposition. Principle types of waves (pressure waves, Energy in progressive waves). Propagation of electromagnetic waves, Maxwell’s equation (electricity and magnetism I). Waves properties of light Huygen’s principle, polarization , diffraction, interference, Doppler effect. Light as a particle, photoelectric effect, matter waves, Bohr atom, Laser light.

Communication Skills Description
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The communication process; approach to the study of communication: Theories and models; reading skills and efficiency; information retrieval and library use; listening skills and lecture comprehensive strategies; writing skills: Direction words, paragraphs and punctuations; resumes, and reports. Oral presentation and public address; information dissemination techniques; evidence in argumentation; bibliography and referencing techniques; communication technology; visual literacy.

Elements Of Economics Description
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The subject of economics and its importance; introduction to supply and demand; concept of elasticity and its application; consumer behaviour; economics of production and the concept of diminishing marginal returns; discounting and compounding procedures; price and output under pure and imperfect competition; public goods and the role of government; welfare economics; project planning and evaluation and cost-benefit analysis; national income and product accounts; money, banking and public finance; international trade; economic growth, development and employment; international aid and national debt; basic accounting procedures and principles.

Hiv And Aids Description
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Introduction; Sex and sexuality; Communicable diseases; HIV and AIDS; epidemiology; prevention and control of HIV infection; management of HIV and related infections; legal and ethical issues in HIV/AIDS; HIV/AIDS as a national disaster; recent advances and challenges in HIV/AIDS.

Communication Skills Description
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The communication process; approach to the study of communication: theories and models; reading skills and efficiency; information retrieval and library use; listening skills and lecture comprehensive strategies; writing skills: direction words, paragraphs and punctuations; resumes, and reports. Oral presentation and public address; information dissemination techniques; evidence in argumentation; bibliography and referencing techniques; communication technology; visualliteracy.

General And Inorganic Chemistry Description
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Radiation and its properties - the de Broglie relationship. Atomic structure and spectra of H and H-like atoms. The classical wave equation and the wave function concept; Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the photoelectric effect. Quantum numbers and orbital shapes. The electron configuration of atoms and ions. The proton - neutron interaction forces. Trends in physical and chemical properties within the periodic table. Ionic and covalent bonding; bond length, bond energies and bond polarity. The molecular orbital theory, the valence bond and valence shell electron pair repulsion models as applied to shapes of simple molecules and ions. Hybridization of atomic orbitals.

General And Physical Chemistry Description
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Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases, general equation of state, and gas laws. Specific heat capacity; determination of molar masses. Gas-liquid equilibrium, molarity, molality and colligative properties .Raoult's law and  Henry's law. Chemical equilibrium: Equilibrium constant and solubility product principle. Acids, bases and their salts; indicators., pH scale; ionic product of water.  Introduction to chemical kinetics .

Practicals: Physical properties of pure substances, titration of acids and bases, volumetric analysis, freezing point depression and elevation of the boiling point of water.

Elements Of Economics Description
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The subject of economics and its importance; introduction to supply and demand; concept of elasticity and its application; consumer behaviour; economics of production and the concept of diminishing marginal returns; discounting and compounding procedures; price and output under pure and imperfect competition; public goods and the role of government; welfare economics; project planning and evaluation and cost-benefit analysis; national income and product accounts; money, banking and public finance; international trade; economic growth, development and employment; international aid and natural debt; basic accounting procedures and principles

Hiv/aids Description
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Introduction; Sex and sexuality; Communicable diseases; HIV and AIDS; epidemiology; prevention and control of HIV infection; management of HIV and related infections; legal and ethical issues in HIV/AIDS; HIV/AIDS as a national disaster; recent advances and challenges in HIV/AIDS.

Introduction To Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Of Alkanes And Cycloalkanes Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 101- General and Inorganic chemistry

Carbon in the periodic table. Review of bonding in carbon compounds-atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals, covalent bond and hybridization. Intermolecular forces. Nomenclature, isomerism in alkanes, conformational isomers, occurrence, uses, reactions (Homolysis of bonds) and environmental impacts of alkanes. Cycloalkanes: nomenclature, and conformational analysis. Overview of organic reaction types (addition, substitution, elimination and rearrangement). Basic concepts of organic reaction mechanisms:  Cleavage of bonds (Homolysis and heterolysis), bond polarity. Introduction to stereochemistry: Optical isomers (stereoisomerism and enantiomerism).

 Practicals: Determination of melting and boiling points, functional group tests and illustration of functional group interconversion.

Chemistry Of The Main Block Elements Description
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Pre-requisite SCH 101

General trends of physical and chemical properties of Groups I – VIII along the periods  and down the groups; chemical intuition for inorganic chemistry connecting chemical composition, structure and bonding with reactivity; the chemistry, properties and uses of selected inorganic compounds including boranes, silicones, silicates, sulphates, nitrates, phosphates. Chemistry of some compounds of Noble gases; ozone and freons in the atmosphere; role of inorganic chemistry in biology and the environment; practicals on main block elements emphasizing on trends, preparative and investigative methods.

The Chemistry Of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers Alkenes, Alkynes And Aromatic Compounds Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 102

Study of the structure, nomenclature, occurrence, synthesis and reactions of alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, alkenes and alkynes, bonding in isolated, cumulated and conjugated dienes. Stress on mechanisms; addition (Electrophilic), substitution (S_N1 and S_N2, solvent effects), elimination (E1 and E2). Aromatic compounds: Benzene structure and aromaticity. Nomenclature, occurrence, uses, preparations and reactions of aromatic compounds (Electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and fullerenes.

Practicals: Determination, classification and preparation of organic halides; chemical separation of mixtures, addition reactions and identification and synthesis of liquid benzoid.

Thermodynamics I And Thermochemistry Description
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First law of thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy; compression and expansion; free expansion, expansion against pressure; reversible expansion, heat and heat capacity; enthalpy. Internal energy; constant volume process; constant pressure process; the temperature dependence of internal energy and enthalpy; Joule-Thomson effect; reversible and irreversible adiabatic expansion. Thermochemistry: Various reaction enthalpies; Hess's law; the relationship between enthalpy and internal energy; calorimetric measurement of enthalpy and internal energy. Bond and resonance energies, various enthalpies due to physical and chemical change, and ions in solution.

Introduction To Reaction Kinetics And Electrochemistry Description
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Reaction rate processes and rate laws; order and molecularity of a reaction; first, second, third and pseudo order reactions; determination of an order of a reaction; differential and integral rate equations; effect of temperature on reaction rate; energy of activation; Arrhenius equation. Electrolysis; electrical units; electrolytic conductance; molar conductance; conductance of solutions of strong and weak electrolytes; ionic conductance at infinite dilution.  Applications of conductance measurements - conductometric titrations and solubility of sparingly soluble salt.  Transference numbers and the methods of their determinations. Electrochemical cells: Electromotive force (emf) of cells, the hydrogen electrode, the emf series and its uses, Nernst equation, concentration cells, the standard cell, the principle of measurement of the emf of a cell. Applications (electrolysis of NaCl, electroplating).

Group Theory And Its Chemical Applications Description
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Groups and their basic properties: Closure, identity, associativity and inverse, multiplication tables, classes, subgroups. Symmetry elements and symmetry operations: Proper and improper axes of rotation, reflection planes, center of symmetry and inversion. Point groups: Symmetry operations as group elements, classes of symmetry operations, classification of molecules into point groups. Representations of point groups: some properties of matrices and vectors, transformation matrices, reducible and irreducible representations, character tables. Applications: The direct product, transition probabilities, symmetry adapted linear combinations, symmetry aspects of hybridization and molecular orbital theory, selection rules for vibrational and electronic spectra.

Organic Acids, Amines, Esters And Phenols Description
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 Pre-requisite: SCH 202

Study of the structure, nomenclature, occurrence, synthesis and reactions of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives.  Enolate chemistry (e.g. Aldol, Claisen, Malonic ester and acetoacetic ester synthesis). Study of the structure, nomenclature, occurrence, synthesis and reactions of phenols and amines.

Introduction To Environmental Chemistry Description
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The lithosphere: Chemical composition of the earth, metals, minerals fossil fuels, and soils. The atmosphere: Atmospheric chemistry focusing on reactions in the lower and upper atmosphere, radioactivity in the atmosphere and air pollution chemistry. The hydrosphere: Structure and properties of water and their environmental significance, fresh water and marine chemistry, biochemical aspects of water pollutants, role of water in the environment. Hydrological and hydrogeological cycles; biogeochemical cycles: Carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus; nutrient budgets; general circulation; impact of man’s activities on nutrient cycles.

Introduction To Unit Operations Description
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The chemical industry; raw materials; Flowsheets and equipment. Feasibility studies. Characteristics of particulate solids. Size reduction and enlargement. Separation of solid-solid, solid-gas, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixtures. Material handling. Mixing and blending. Materials of construction. Plant services: Steam, compressed air, electric power, heating and cooling. Industrial waste management; introduction to cleaner production. Material and energy balances.   Industrial water treatment and purification. Industrial field trips.

Elements Of Physics (ii) Description
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Electricity: Electrostatic Charges, electric field, potential energy of charges, electric potential, capacitance. Electric current, Ohm’s Law, Kirchoff’s law, electrical heating (Harmonic emissions), electrical measurements (Ohmmeters and Ammeters). Electric induction.

Magnetism: Magnetostatics, magnetic field flux, magnetic potential, magnetism of current element, force between current elements, Lenz’s law, self induction, transformer, displacement current density, rectifier circuit and diodes.

Electronics: Semiconductors, oscilloscopes, control circuits, transducers, pH meter, photocells, digital logic.

Quantitative Analysis Description
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Introduction to data collection methods, sampling techniques, reporting results of an experimental measurement; types of experimental error; expressing and calculating experimental error and uncertainty; the confidence interval; statistical tests :Propagation of error in calculations; sampling and statistics: Gaussian error curve, and best straight line.  The mole concept;  fundamental principles of analysis: Theory and practice.  Solution equilibria: Acid-base equilibrium and titrations, calculation of pH, titration curves, neutralization titrations.  Chelatometric titrations: Complex equilibria; calculation of titration curves; standards, end-point detection, complex ion, complex formation techniques, complexometric titrations, Argentometric titration.  Oxidation-reduction titration: Calculation of redox titration curves and end-point detections.  Standard solutions and their properties; determinations of simple and complex samples;  functional group analysis.  Gravimetric methods of analysis.  Unit operations for analytical chemistry.  Quality assurance: Quality control; quality assessment; evaluating quality assurance data.

Practicals: Statistical analysis of data, acid-base titrations, redox titrations, complexometric titrations and gravimetric analysis.

Ordinary Differential Equations Description
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First order equations and applications. Second order equations. Homogeneous equations with constant coefficients. Equations with variable coefficients. Non-homogeneous equations. Undetermined coefficients. Variations of parameters. Inverse differential operators. Applications.   Prerequisite:  SMA 104

Elements Of Algebra Description
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Pre-requisites: SMA 101, SMA 104.

Vector spaces over R. Linear independence. Matrices:  Properties, operations, determinants systems of linear equations. Eigen values and Eigen vectors. Quadratic forms. Orthogonal matrices. Matrix differentiation and maximization problems.

Foundations Of Computer Science Description
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Introduction to Computers: Computer building blocks, computer hardware, input devices, storage devices, output devices, trends in computers development (Mainframe Computers - Minicomputers - Microcomputers (PCs). The structure and design of a computer: The hardware and interfaces. Overview of operating system structure. Device management, input-output management. process management, memory management, file management. Number systems, codes, arithmetic and logic operations: Computer number systems and computer codes, arithmetic operations and computer logic operations, introduction to binary number representation, positive and negative numbers, arithmetic operators and examples, one's-and two's-complement, binary subtraction, addition, multiplication, division, real numbers (floating point),  overview of application software, computer networks, data security

Introduction To Unit Operations Description
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The chemical industry; raw materials; Flowsheets and equipment. Feasibility studies. Characteristics of particulate solids. Size reduction and enlargement. Separation of solid-solid, solid-gas, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixtures. Material handling. Mixing and blending. Materials of construction. Plant services: Steam, compressed air, electric power, heating and cooling. Industrial waste management; introduction to cleaner production. Material and energy balances.   Industrial water treatment and purification. Industrial field trips.

The Chemistry Of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers Alkenes, Alkynes And Aromatic Compounds Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 102

Study of the structure, nomenclature, occurrence, synthesis and reactions of alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, alkenes and alkynes, bonding in isolated, cumulated and conjugated dienes. Stress on mechanisms; addition (Electrophilic), substitution (S_N1 and S_N2, solvent effects), elimination (E1 and E2). Aromatic compounds: Benzene structure and aromaticity. Nomenclature, occurrence, uses, preparations and reactions of aromatic compounds (Electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and fullerenes. 

Practicals: Determination, classification and preparation of organic halides; chemical separation of mixtures, addition reactions and identification and synthesis of liquid benzoid.

Halides, Benzene And Its Derivations Description
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Alkyl halides displacement and elimination reactions. Stereochemistry of reactions. Transition states. Interrelationship between alkane, alkanol and alkyl ether. Properties and reactions, carbonium ion. Transformation of functional groups by oxidation and reduction. Hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups. Ionization of carboxylic acids. Benzene mesomerism structure. Nitration, halogenation, alkylation and acylation (Friedel Crafts reaction), sulphonation, as reactions of benzene. Directive effects in substitution of benzene derivatives. Nucleophilic displacement of benzene. Transformation of functional groups. Amines and diazonium salts. Practical classes will include synthesis of aliphatic and aromatic compounds and the characterisation of compounds containing one functional group.

Foundation Of Computer Ii Description
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Introduction to computation, computing machinery, algorithms and programming via theoretical concepts and practical skills. Problem solving via the structure, design and analysis of algorithms and their implementation as effective, correct and efficient programs. Control and data structures of a structured programming language. Fundamentals of software development. Data structures and algorithms, and use of these structures.

Theory Of Spectroscopy Description
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The electromagnetic spectrum, general introduction to spectroscopy, rotational, infrared and Raman spectroscopy; electronic spectra of atoms and molecules, plasma, fluorescence and phosphorescence, atomic absorption, spin resonance spectra, neutron scattering

Stereochemistry And Synthesis Of Organic Compounds Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 102, SCH 202, SCH 206

Overview of chirality, stereoisomers: enantiomers, diastereomers, configuration.  Determinations of relative and absolute configurations. Separation of Stereoisomers: Separation of enantiomers by crystallization, chemical separation of enantiomers via diastereomers. Heterotopic ligands and faces: Prostereoisomersim, prochirality. Chirality in molecules devoid of chiral centres: Atropisomerism of biphenyls. Unsaturated carbonyl compounds (Michael addition reaction, Robinson annulation). Retrosynthetic approach to organic synthesis. Highlights of linear versus convergence synthesis. Reference to good leaving groups and protecting groups. Assymetric synthesis; use of enzymes. Concepts of ‘Green chemistry’.

Thermodynamics Ii And Phase Equilibria Description
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Second law of thermodynamics; spontaneous processes; Carnot cycle; entropy; entropy change in a reversible cycle; entropy of irreversible change; entropy change of an ideal gas; entropy and change of state.  Determination of entropies of substances. Free energy change and equilibrium; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation; Clapeyron equation; Clausius-Clapeyron equation; Maxwell relations; chemical potential and its applications; the Gibbs-Duhem equation.Phase rule and its applications. 

Practicals: Determination of enthalpy values, determination of first order velocity constant, bomb calorimetry, determination of molecular weight, Emf of cells, potentiometric titrations, vapour pressure of pure liquid and surface tension measurements.

Coordination Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisite: 205, 301

General properties of transition elements: electronic configuration, variable oxidation states, catalysis, coloured compounds and complexes. Transition metal complexes: Ligands, nomenclature, coordination number, effective atomic number (EAN) stereochemistry, isomerism, Chelate and chelate effect. Bonding of coordination complexes: Valence bond theory, crystal field theory complexes, crystal field stabilization energy, spectrochemical series, Orgel  and Tanabe- Sugano diagrams.  Ligand field theory: Interelectronic parameters, Nephelauxetic effect. Molecular orbital theory: Complexes with and without porbitals. Steric effects: Tetragonal distortion, square planar and the Jahn Teller effect. Electronic spectra:  d-d transitions, charge transfer, selection rules, colours of different complexes. Effect of d orbital splitting: Ionic radii and thermodynamic factors. Magnetic properties of transition metal complexes. Some application and uses of selected examples of useful coordination compounds.

Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, Carbohydrates And Nucleic Acids Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 202, 206, 302

Amino acids: Structure, reactions and uses. Peptide synthesis (solid phase synthesis), proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates:  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides - structures, properties, synthesis and applications. Introduction to glycosides.

Spectroscopy As Applied To Organic Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisites: SCH 102, 202, 206, 301, 302

The application of UV/visible, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy to structure determination and investigation of organic compounds.  Over-view of theoretical basis. Interpretation of spectra of organic compounds.  Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism, spectra of organic compounds.

Instrumental Methods Of Analysis I Description
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Spectroscopic techniques and signal processing.  Basic electrical measurements; introduction to semiconductors and associated circuits and superconductivity.  Basic components of spectroscopic instrumentation: Energy sources, wavelength selection, detectors, and signal processors.  Theory, principle, instrumentation, applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis, and evaluation of each technique below.  Spectroscopy based on absorption: Molecular ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectrophotometry; atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame-, plasma-, and graphite-based versions.  Spectroscopy based on emission: Fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence; atomic emission with flame-, plasma-, and graphite-based versions.  Inductively coupled plasma (ICP).  Spectroscopy based on scattering: Origin of scattering; turbidimetry; and Nephelometry.  Laser spectroscopy: Theory of operation; types of lasers and Applications. Liquid crystals.

Practicals Preparation of 0.1N solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide; determination of the relative concentrations of the hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions; determination of unknown sodium carbonate; determination of vitamin C; determination of calcium in limestone; analysis of calcium by EDTA; gravimetric determination of sulphate.

Extractive Metallurgy Description
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Ores: Origins, classification, evaluation. Ore dressing I; comminution, size distributions, crushing, grinding. Ore dressing II; screening, classification, jigging, tabling, floatation, magnetic separation, electrostatic separation, dewatering and filtration, glass cleaning. Agglomeration; palletizing, sintering, nodularizing and briquetting. Extraction processes; calcinations, roasting, hydrometallurgy, electrolysis, fire refining processes, converter processes, distillation metallurgy, vacuum metallurgy, electro-slag refining, ingot production. Extraction procedures; of selected metals, e.g., iron, lead, copper, tin, titanium, economics of extractive industries

Chemistry Of Secondary Biomolecules Description
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Pre-requisites: SCH 206, 302, 305

Introduction of primary and secondary metabolites. Enzymes and co-enzymes. Chirality and prochirality. Secondary metabolites derived from: Acetate (fatty acids and polyketides), mevalonate (the terpenoids), shikimic acid (phenyl propanoids and lignins), mixed biosynthetic origin (the flavonoids and alkaloids). Introduction to Chemical Ecology.

Separation Techniques And Chromatography Description
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Aim and classification of separation techniques; distillation, solvent extraction; Ion exchange technique; ion exclusion technique; precipitation, co-precipitation, adsorption, flotation techniques; gas absorption, liquid-liquid, and size exclusion chromatographic techniques.  Principles of chromatography and chromatographic methods.  Mechanisms of chromatographic separation: Paper (partition); thin-layer (adsorption/partition); column; gas-liquid (partition); ionand high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).  Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography.  Electrophoresis: Theory and instrumentation of capillary electrophoresis; capillary electrophoresis methods. Colorimetric chromatography. Introduction to enzymatic techniques.  Optical rotatory dispersion.  Circular dichroism. Chiral separation.

Practicals:       Separation techniques; precipitation, solvent extraction and various chromatographic techniques (paper, thin layer, partition, adsorption, ion exchange, exclusion - gel permeation and filtration, electrophoresis), gas, liquid and high performance liquid chromatography.

Computer Applications In Chemistry Description
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Introduction to computer problem-solving: Programs and algorithms, problem-solving aspect, top-down design. Software tools for program development: Editors, interpreters, compilers. Statements; Expressions and assignments; Input and output of data. Basic Control Structures: Compound statements, repetitive statements.Array techniques: Array order reversal, finding the maximum number in set, finding the k^th smallest element, removal of duplicates from an ordered array. Sorting and searching: Sorting by selection, sorting by insertion, binary and sequential searching.Computer applications: Analysis of chemical data, determination of rates of chemical reactions, computation of critical constants and their reduced states, determination of composition of solutions and vapour pressure (vapour-liquid systems), simulation of diffusion kinetic problems, computation of voltammetric data at electrodes, determination of decay constants using nuclear potential of a-particles system, structural analysis of molecules. Introduction to simulation using monte carlo methods. Introduction to chemical literature searches: Use of primary, secondary and tertiary resources of the different kinds of chemical literature, individual library problems and a retrospective literature search.

Statistics For Chemists Description
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Introduction; errors in classical analysis—statistics of repeated measurements: mean and standard deviation, distribution of errors, the sampling distribution of the mean and proportion, confidence limits of the mean and proportion, presentation of results, propagation of random and systematic errors. Significance tests: Comparison of an experimental mean with a known value, comparison of the means and proportion of two samples, paired t-tests, F-test for the comparison of standard deviation; outliers, control charts, six sigma quality assurance analysis of variance, comparison of several means, separation and estimation of variances by using ANOVA, the chi-square test, testing for normality. Errors in Instrumental analysis: Instrumental analysis, calibration curves in instrumental analysis, the product –moment correlation coefficient, x-y line regression, errors in slope and intercept of the regression line, limits of detection, the method of standard additions, use of regression lines for comparing analytical methods, weighted regression lines, curvilinear regression. Experimental design, optimization and pattern recognition: Randomization, blocking, two-way ANOVA, factorial design and optimization, pattern recognition.

Theory Of Spectroscopic Methods Description
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The electromagnetic spectrum, general introduction to spectroscopy, rotational, infrared and Raman spectroscopy; electronic spectra of atoms and molecules, plasma, fluorescence and phosphorescence, atomic absorption, spin resonance spectra, neutron scattering

Alcohols, Ethers And Carbonyls Description
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Displacement and elimination reaction. Stereochemistry of reaction. Transition state. Alkanols, alkanals alkoxyalkanes, alkanones. Synthesis, properties and reaction in relation to bonding and their spectroscopic characteristics. Manufacture of:- ethanol, formaldehyde, industrial solvents (DEE; MEK, acetone etc), glycerol, ethylene glycol.

Thermodynamics And Phase Equilibria Description
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Second law of thermodynamics; spontaneous processes; Carnot cycle; entropy; entropy change in a reversible cycle; entropy of irreversible change; entropy change of an ideal gas; entropy and change of state.  Determination of entropies of substances. Free energy change and equilibrium; Gibbs-Helmholtz equation; Clapeyron equation; Clausius-Clapeyron equation; Maxwell relations; chemical potential and its applications; the Gibbs-Duhem equation.Phase rule and its applications. 

Practicals: Determination of enthalpy values, determination of first order velocity constant, bomb calorimetry, determination of molecular weight, Emf of cells, potentiometric titrations, vapour pressure of pure liquid and surface tension measurements.

Instrumental Methods Of Analysis & Their Applications Description
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Spectroscopic techniques and signal processing.  Basic electrical measurements; Introduction to semiconductors and associated circuits and superconductivity.  Basic components of spectroscopic instrumentation: Energy sources, wavelength selection, detectors, and signal processors.  Theory, principle, instrumentation, applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis, and evaluation of each technique below.  Spectroscopy based on absorption: Molecular Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry; atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame-, plasma-, and graphite-based versions. Spectroscopy based on emission: fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence); atomic emission with flame-, plasma-, and graphite-based versions.  Inductively coupled plasma .  Spectroscopy based on scattering: Origin of scattering; turbidimetry; and nephelometry.  Laser Spectroscopy: Theory of operation; types of lasers; and applications. Liquid crystals.

Practicals (illustration and use of the instruments).

Fluid Flow, Heat And Mass Transfer Description
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Fluid statics and its applications. Basic equations of fluid flow. Dimensional analysis. Flow of incompressible fluids and compressible fluids through pipes and nozzles. Linear momentum. Flow passed immersed bodies. Pumping. Flow measurement. Heat transfer by conduction and convection. Overall heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer in fluids without phase change. Heat transfer in fluids with phase change. Logarithmic mean temperature difference. Heat exchangers. Principles of diffusion. Psychrometry. Drying. Equilibrium stage processes including distillation, gas absorption, leaching and liquid-liquid extraction. Practicals. Industrial visits.

Organic Acids, Amines And Phenols Description
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Alkanoic acids and their derivatives, sulphonic acids, amines, amino acids and peptides. Phenols. Synthesis, properties, reactions and their spectroscopic characteristics. Manufacture of sulphonic acids; ammonium based surfactants; phenolic resins; fatty acids. Practicals.

Surface And Colloid Chemistry Description
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Adsorption: determination, characteristics and classification.  Contributions of Langmuir, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Applications - chromatographic methods. Heterogeneous catalysis.  Liquid surface.  Solutes and surface tension.  Action of surface active agents. Colloid state.  Sols - preparation and properties.  Gels.  Emulsions.  Natural and synthetic macromolecules - principles involved in their molar mass determinations. Applications

Material And Energy Balances Description
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Units and dimensions. Conversion of quantities and estimating properties of process materials: Fluid density, flow rate, composition, concentration, mass and mole fractions, fluid pressure, and temperature. Presentation of data in tables graphs and monograms. Types and uses of technical diagrams in process descriptions. Material balance calculations involving reactions, equilibria, recycle, purge, by-pass. Application of thermodynamic laws, processes, functions, phase rule, equilibria, corresponding states and thermodynamic diagrams in energy balances. Material and energy balance equations for single-unit and multiple-unit processes. Pressure-volume-temperature calculations for ideal and non-ideal gases. Use of vapour–liquid equilibria containing single or multi-component systems. Internal energy and enthalpy. Changes in material and energy balances for process fluids undergoing specified changes in temperature, pressure, phase, and chemical composition.

Computer Applications In Chemistry Description
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Introduction to computer problem-solving: Programs and algorithms, problem-solving aspect, top-down design. Software tools for program development: Editors, interpreters, compilers. Statements; Expressions and assignments; Input and output of data. Basic Control Structures: Compound statements, repetitive statements. Array techniques: Array order reversal, finding the maximum number in set, finding the k^th smallest element, removal of duplicates from an ordered array. Sorting and searching: Sorting by selection, sorting by insertion, binary and sequential searching. Computer applications: Analysis of chemical data, determination of rates of chemical reactions, computation of critical constants and their reduced states, determination of composition of solutions and vapour pressure (vapour-liquid systems), simulation of diffusion kinetic problems, computation of voltammetric data at electrodes, determination of decay constants using nuclear potential of a-particles system, structural analysis of molecules. Introduction to simulation using monte carlo methods. Introduction to chemical literature searches: Use of primary, secondary and tertiary resources of the different kinds of chemical literature, individual library problems and a retrospective literature search.

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Chemistry Of Transition Elements Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 304

Discussion of common features: Properties; colour, radii, shapes of d & f orbitals, magnetism, oxidation states and trends in ionization potential of first, second, third d-block and f block elements. Elemental sources; binary compounds, chemistry of lower and higher oxidation states, shapes of stable compounds, and reaction mechanisms of the first, second and third series of d and f-block elements. Introduction to lanthanides and actinides. Industrial uses and biological role of some transition elements.

Practicals: Redox reactions for first row transition elements; relative stability of +2 and +3 oxidation states of some transition metal ions;The chemistry of manganese; copper and nickel in the +3 oxidation state: Transition elements.

Heterocyclic Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisites: SCH 202, 206 and 302.

The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds of three, four, five and six - member ring systems with one or more heteroatoms. Fused ring systems with carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring systems. Influence of heteroatoms on chemistry of these ring systems (synthesis and reactions of these rings). Heterocyclic compounds with pharmaceutical and industrial importance.

Surface And Colloid Chemistry Description
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Adsorption: determination, characteristics and classification.  Contributions of Langmuir, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Applications - chromatographic methods. Heterogeneous catalysis.  Liquid surface.  Solutes and surface tension.  Action of surface active agents. Colloid state.  Sols - preparation and properties.  Gels.  Emulsions.  Natural and synthetic macromolecules - principles involved in their molar mass determinations. Applications

Organometallic Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisite: SCH 304, SCH 401

General survey of organometallic compounds: ionic, sigma bonded and non-classically bonded compounds. Synthetic methods, structures and chemical reactions of non-transition metals, organo compounds of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, mercury, boron, aluminium, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth compounds. Organometallic compounds of transition elements with lewis bases: Phosiphine, halides, hydride, oxygen, nitrogenase. Organometallic compounds of alkyls, aryls, carbines, cyclopentadiene and carbonyls. Introduction to reaction mechanisms/kinetics of catalysis of selected organometallic complexes. Industrial application and uses of some organometallic complexes.

Further Chemical Kinetics And Electrochemistry Description
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The collision theory and unimolecular reactions; the transition state and the steady state approximation theory of reaction rates; complex reactions - simultaneous, consecutive and reversible. Reaction mechanisms.  Fast reactions.  Kinetics of surface-, acid-, and enzyme - catalysed reactions; the Michaelis - Menten mechanism.  Grotthus-Draper and Einstein laws; kinetics of photochemical-, chain polymerisation- and explosion reactions. Theory of strong and weak electrolytes; Onsager equation; activity of ions in solution; mean activity coefficients; the Debye-Huckel theory; ionic strength and activity coefficients.  Different types of electrode systems; secondary reference electrodes; enzyme selective electrodes; liquid junction and membrane potentials; thermodynamic data from cell electromotives (emfs); applications of emf measurements to determine activity of ions, solubility product, pH and pK, acid-base titrations, glass electrode, potentiometric titrations.  Over voltage and discharge of ions; polarography.  Fuel and button cells.  Corrosion of metals. 

Practicals: Potentiometric determination of the titration, the standard reduction potential of metal ion, zinc-lead amalgam electrode, vapour pressure of a pure liquid, uncatalysed reduction of transition metal ions, partial molar volume of a salt and boiling point.

Solid State Chemistry Description
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Review of Atomic structure, periodicity, bonding, shapes of molecules and organic compounds. Study of Crystal structure and characterization (7 crystal systems, 14 Bravais Lattices, cubic crystals), X-rays structure determination (Space groups, diffraction planes and powder diffraction). Band theory: Semiconductors and devices (alloys and intermetallics). Imperfections in solids: Point, line and Surface. Amorphous solids: Inorganic glasses (Oxides, Metallic).

Statistical Thermodynamics Description
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Classical thermodynamics versus statistical thermodynamics; statistical probability and distribution of localized particles among different energy levels: Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics; partition functions; contributions of translational, vibrational, rotational and electronic aspects of systems; the overall partition function; Sackur-Tetrode equation. Equipartition of energy; dependence of thermodynamic functions on the partition function; calculation of some thermodynamic functions

Nuclear And Radiation Chemistry Description
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Nuclear structure and stability; nuclear decay processes; kinetics of radioactive decay; half-life; detection and measurement; radioactive isotopes in agriculture, biology, medicine and industry; their uses in reaction kinetics and mechanism in organic and inorganic chemistry; use of C-14 and other isotopes in dating; radiation hazards; nuclear fission, reactors and energy source; nuclear fusion. Different types of radiations and their properties; their interactions with matter.  Dosimetry.  Radiolysis of water and of aqueous solutions.

Applied Organic Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisites: SCH 202, 206, 302.

Petrochemicals and bio-fuels. Polymerisation: Free radical, ionic and condensation mechanisms. Synthetic polymers: Manufacture and use of polymer mouldings. Wood products, Pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs. Surface coatings, detergents and pesticides.

Introduction Quantum Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisite:  101, SCH 205

Quantum theory: composition of matter, black body radiation, photoelectric effect, Bohr’s theory of atomic spectra. The wave properties of matter: Wave particle duality, principle of uncertainty, equations of wave motion, functions and operators, postulates of quantum mechanics, Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions, Hamiltonian operator, angular momentum operators, Schrödinger’s wave equation. Applications to simple systems: Transitional motion of a particle- the free particle, particle in a box, quantum mechanical tunneling; vibrational motion – harmonic oscillator; rotational motion- particle in a ring. Approximate methods of solving Schrödinger’s equation: Perturbation theory, self consistent field theory, variation method. Atomic structure: Properties of wave functions for hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms. Many electron-atoms and the build-up of the periodic table. Practical work: Use of computers in solving Schrödinger’s equation for simple systems.

Special Topics In Organic Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisite: All core organic courses.

Pericyclic reactions (Thermal and photochemical reactions): Electrocyclic, sigmatropic and cycloaddition reactions. Combinatorial chemistry, chemistry of Fullerenes, supramolecular chemistry, organometallic chemistry in organic synthesis and metathesis.

Research Project In Chemistry Description
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Students will undertake a literature survey on a chemistry-based project; carry out independent experiments and give a seminar. The course will be examined on the basis of oral presentations and a written report on the project.

Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach To Nanomaterials Description
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Review of quantum chemistry concepts and its application to nano- and femto- chemistry. Quantity classifications, nanochemistry basics; chemical patterning and lithography; layer-by-layer self-assembly; nanocontact Printing and writing; nanorod, nanotube, nanowire self-Assembly; nanocluster self-assembly; microspheres - colours from the beaker; microporous and mesoporous materials; self-assembling block copolymers; biomaterials and bioinspiration; self-assembly of large building blocks; nano and beyond; nanochemistry and nanolabs.  Femtochemistry.

Hazardous Waste Management Description
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Nature and sources of hazardous waste: Classification of hazardous materials, characteristics of hazardous materials, origin of hazardous wastes, characteristics of: Flammable and combustible substances, reactive substances, corrosive substances, and toxic substances. Environmental chemistry of hazardous waste: Sources of hazardous wastes by the points of entry, biogeochemistry of the subsurface environment, factors influencing the transport and behavior of wastes in the environment, transport, interactions and fate of hazardous wastes in geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere. Reducing, treating and dispensing of hazardous waste: Physical methods of waste treatment, chemical methods of waste treatment, methods of waste preparation for disposal, special treatment of wastes, Leachate treatment, gas emission treatment, in-situ treatment. Site investigation, remedial technologies (physical, chemical and biological treatment) and integrated remedial system design.

Heterocyclic Chemistry Description
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Pre-requisites: SCH 202, 206 and 302.

The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds of three, four, five and six - member ring systems with one or more heteroatoms. Fused ring systems with carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring systems. Influence of heteroatoms on chemistry of these ring systems (synthesis and reactions of these rings). Heterocyclic compounds with pharmaceutical and industrial importance.

Advanced Chemical Kinetics And Electrochemistry Description
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Temperature dependence of reaction rates; theories of reaction rates; steady state approximation and complex reactions; catalysed reactions including enzyme catalysed reactions; kinetics of polymerizations; Grothus Draper and Einstein Laws; kinetics of photochemical reactions. Ionic conductance of strong and weak electrolytes; Debye-Huckel theory; conductance of complex systems; transference number and concentration; electrodics; electrochemical and concentration cells; liquid-function potential; applications of e.m.f. measurements; amperometry, decomposition potentials; overvoltage; polarography. Practicals.